3D Printer
Wood laser engraving machine is generally used for cutting and engraving of wood processing, wood material laser engraving form can be divided into cutting and engraving, concave mold engraving and convex mold engraving three. Laser engraving material removal principle is the same as laser cutting, multiple uncut grooves are connected together to form an area of material removal. Laser groove cross-section is "V" shape, the lower the cutting speed, the higher the laser current, the greater the groove width and depth, where the cutting speed and laser current on the groove depth than the groove width is much greater.
Chinese name wood laser engraving machine classification cutting engraving, cove engraving features lower cutting speed, the greater the laser current precautions when using please first connect the cooling water advantages than manual engraving more quickly, more exquisite
Catalog
1. Classification
Cutting engraving
Concave die engraving
Convex die engraving
2. Notes on use
The basic principle of laser engraving processing of wood materials is basically the same as laser cutting processing, both of which use a high energy density laser beam to convert into heat energy, which instantaneously causes thermal decomposition and charring of wood, thus removing part of the material. Laser cutting is to separate different parts of the wood material (mainly panels), while laser engraving is to process the required patterns, designs and text on the surface of the wood material. For the same board, laser cutting requires more energy, while laser engraving requires less energy because it does not need to cut through the workpiece. Laser engraving is a non-contact processing method, compared with traditional mechanical processing methods have no wood pollution, no tool wear and no need to replace the tool, no noise pollution (very low noise) and other advantages. Laser cutting head focusing lens will focus the laser to a very small spot, spot diameter is generally 0.1 ~ 0.5 mm. laser beam focus is located near the surface to be processed, to melt or vaporize the material being processed. At the same time, the airflow coaxial to the beam is ejected from the cutting head, and the melted or vaporized material is blown out from the bottom of the incision.
According to the different processing methods of laser engraving of wood materials, laser engraving of wood materials can be divided into the following three categories.
Cutting engraving
It is to use the cutting method to process the required pattern on the surface of the wood material, i.e. firstly, the pattern is decomposed into a number of lines, and then the laser cuts out these lines to obtain the pattern expressed by the cut lines.
Concave die engraving
The part of the pattern is excised, while the outer part of the pattern is left as it is on the surface of the wood. Here is divided into two cases, the first case is the same excision strength for each point on the pattern, the carved pattern mainly relies on the contour shape to reflect; the second case is according to the distribution of the pattern of light and darkness, contrast, etc., on the pattern of the "dark" part of more excision, on the pattern of the "light "dark" part of the pattern, and the "light" part of the pattern is less excised or even not excised. The former is suitable for carving patterns such as text, animals, plants, etc., which are mainly expressed in appearance, while the latter is more suitable for carving patterns with details such as facial expressions of people.
Convex mold engraving
Contrary to the concave die engraving, this form of engraving process only removes the material at the periphery of the pattern, and the intensity of removal at each point is the same, while the material of the pattern itself is not removed. This engraving method is suitable for the expression of text, graphic outline, etc. The latter two engraving methods of material removal is the way, the laser head on the removal surface every time you walk, cut a linear groove, and then after a small distance of translation before the next line of cutting. Usually the distance between the two grooves can be O.05-0.5mm, so that through multiple linear grooves, the area of material removal required by the two forms of engraving can be achieved. Of course, in the second form of cavity die engraving, the size of the grooves, especially the depth of the grooves, will vary according to the need in the same cutting line.
Instructions for use
First, when using please first connect the cooling water, using the principle of low into high, adjust the position of the outlet pipe to ensure that the cooling water is full of cooling tube, the tube can not have vapor bubbles, and then turn on the power. Requirements: cooling water using soft water (distilled water or pure water), and often pay attention to the cooling water temperature, the water temperature should be controlled at 25 ℃ -30 ℃ range, not too high or too low, especially in summer, once the water temperature is found to be too high, the cooling water should be replaced in a timely manner or shut down for a period of time: the cooling water in cold areas shall not freeze, especially after the laser shutdown, do not let the cooling water stored in the laser tube, so as not to cooling water freezing leads to blow up. (Special attention: the use of AC power users, cooling water tank must be grounded).
Second, the two support points of the laser tube to be in the laser tube 1/4 of the total length of the point, to ensure that the flow of cooling water in 2L-4L / min; otherwise the effect is not good, will cause jumping mode, the spot becomes a few points leading to a drop in power; cooling water return port in the water tank must be covered by water, otherwise each time the laser tube off and on when the cooling water filled with the phenomenon.
Third, pay attention to the protection of the output window of the laser, to avoid the work process (including the debugging process of the optical path) generated by the smoke spattered on the surface of the output window, to prevent the outer surface of the output window is contaminated, the power will drop, then available skim cotton or silk cloth dipped in anhydrous alcohol gently wipe the outer surface of the output window.
Fourth, in the debugging process, by adjusting the laser support point or rotate the laser orientation to achieve the best output effect, and then the laser fixed
Fifth, please be sure to note: to avoid the accumulation of dust near the high-voltage electrode, to keep dry, the high-voltage end as far away from the metal as possible to prevent high-voltage firing discharge.
Sixth, the laser in the use of the process, can not have scale formed in the cooling tube, so as not to cause the cooling water blockage, the heat dissipation effect becomes worse. Once found, available 20% dilute hydrochloric acid cleaning cooling tube to remove the scale.
Seven, the laser is a glass product, fragile. Installation and use, avoid local stress.
Eight, the rationalization of the application of laser tube, save laser energy, laser tube operating current best point at 16 mA.
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An important step in the 3D printing process is to convert the 3D design file to a 3D model file in .STL format. An .stl file is basically a 3D model defined with numerous triangles, so the file contains a complete list of the XYZ coordinates of the normals and vertices of all these triangles. If there are too many triangles defined in this file, the file will be too large and will be called a "bad" file. At this point, some clichés become quite important. Today, I'd like to share some notes on the steps to convert .stl file format, and the problems that may occur during the conversion of .
Matters to note in generating model files in .STL format: 1.
1. Common vertex rule
Every two adjacent triangle planes must and can only share two vertices. In other words, the vertex of one triangle plane cannot fall on the edge of any of the adjacent smaller triangle planes.
2. Orientation rule
For each small triangle plane, its normal vector must be directed outward, and the direction of the vector connected by 3 vertices is determined in the counterclockwise order (right-hand rule), and there must be no orientation contradiction for the adjacent small triangle planes.
3. Rules for taking values
The value of the vertex coordinate of each small triangle plane must be positive, zero and negative values will lead to failure.
4. Filling rule
All surfaces of the 3D model must be filled with small triangular planes without any omission.
5. Euler formula
The number of vertices V, the number of edges E, and the number of faces F in the STL file must conform to Euler's formula.
Possible defects in the conversion process of .STL format.
1. The presence of gaps, i.e., the loss of triangular face pieces.
This error occurs when triangulating surfaces with large curvature. On the displayed STL format model, there will be erroneous cracks or holes (where no triangles are present) that violate the fullness rule. In this case, a number of small triangular facets should be added at these cracks or holes along the edge.
2. distortion, that is, all sides of the triangle face piece are co-linear.
This defect usually occurs in the conversion algorithm from 3D solids to .STL files. The distortion of the triangular facets at the intersection lines is caused by the use of generating triangular facets to different entities at their intersection lines.
3. Overlap of triangular facets.
The overlap of the facets is mainly due to the rounding error of the values when triangulating the facets. The vertices of triangles are represented as floating point numbers in 3D space, not as integers. If the rounding error range is large, it will lead to the overlap of face slices.
4. ambiguity of topological relations.
According to the co-vertex rule, there exist only two triangles that share a side on either side. If there exist more than two triangles sharing this side, ambiguous topological relations arise. These problems can occur when triangulating planes with sharp corners, intersecting parts of different entities, or errors in control parameters when generating .STL files.
Because of these defects, we must check the validity of the model data of the .STL file in advance during the printing process, otherwise, a defective .STL file can lead to many problems during rapid prototyping system processing, such as geometric distortion of the prototype, and in severe cases, there will be a dead machine.
In response to such problems, many companies have designed software to modify the . For example, AFS in China and 3D System in USA have such software. However, it is not easy to find out the problems in .STL files and modify them, and not all the defects can be fixed.
It is also because of these problems that Microsoft has joined hands with many 3D printing companies to develop a new format file - .3MF, which claims to be directly usable by 3D printers (even without slicing) and most importantly can contain more information such as color and texture, which is what STL lacks.
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Classification of 3D printing materials 1. according to the physical state of the material classification Can be divided into liquid materials, sheet materials, powder materials, filamentary materials, etc. 2. According to the chemical properties of the material classification According to the different chemical properties of materials can be divided into resin materials, paraffin materials, metal materials, ceramic materials and their composite materials. 3. According to the classification of material forming method According to the different molding methods can be divided into: SLA material, LOM material, SLS material, FDM material, etc. Liquid material: SLA, photosensitive resin Solid powder: SLS Non-metal (wax powder, plastic powder, laminated ceramic powder, laminated sand, etc.) Metal powder (laminated metal powder) Solid state sheet: LOM Paper, plastic, ceramic foil, metallic platinum + binder Solid state filaments: FDM Wax filaments, ABS filaments, etc. Second, the basic properties of 3D printing materials 1. 3D printing general requirements for material properties. Facilitate rapid and accurate processing of prototype parts. Rapid prototyping parts should be close to the final requirements, should try to meet the requirements for strength, stiffness, moisture resistance, thermal stability performance, etc.. It should facilitate the subsequent processing process. 2. Requirements for material properties for different application goals. The four application targets of 3D printing: concept type, test type, mold type, and functional parts, have different requirements for molding materials. The concept type does not require high material molding accuracy and physical and chemical properties, and mainly requires fast molding speed. For example, for photosensitive resin, lower critical exposure power, larger penetration depth and lower viscosity are required. The test type has certain requirements for strength, stiffness, temperature resistance and corrosion resistance after molding to meet the test requirements. If used for assembly testing, the molded part is required to have certain accuracy requirements. Mold type requires materials to adapt to specific mold manufacturing requirements, such as strength and hardness. For example, for the prototype for disappearing mold casting, the material is required to be easy to remove, with less residue and ash after ablation. Functional parts, on the other hand, require materials with good mechanical and chemical properties. Third, 3D printing light-curing molding materials 1, 3D printing light-curing material applications Making various resin samples or functional parts for structural verification and functional testing. Making fine parts. Making parts with transparent effect. master moulds for rapid moulds, turning various rapid moulds. Replacing the vanishing mold in investment casting to produce metal parts. 2、Light-curing molding resin needs to have the following characteristics Low viscosity, which is conducive to the molding resin faster leveling, to facilitate rapid molding. Curing shrinkage is small, curing shrinkage leads to parts deformation, warping, cracking, etc., affecting the accuracy of molded parts, low shrinkage resin is conducive to molding out of high-precision parts. High wet-state strength, high wet-state strength can ensure that the post-curing process does not produce deformation, expansion and interlayer peeling. Small dissolution rise, the dissolution rise of the wet state molded parts in the liquid state resin causes the part size to be large. Less impurities, no odor in the curing process, less toxicity, conducive to the operating environment....
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August 9, 2022, a video of a large truck driving on the highway has sparked widespread concern among netizens, because the truck pulled a huge ring, accounting for four lanes. It is reported that this is the Guinness World Record for the largest overall ring rolled steel "world's first ring", with a diameter of 15.673 meters, being shipped from Jinan to the port of Weifang, Shandong port terminal.
Transport it special vehicles have a total of 106 wheels, including 10 tractor-trailer, the rear of the flat car 96, the highway exclusive 4 lanes. The flatbed can control the steering angle of different wheels and the overall height of the flatbed through a separate steering system. This forging ring is a fourth-generation nuclear power unit support ring, manufactured by Shandong Elite Energy Equipment Co., Ltd. Nearly 50 meters of the circumference of the whole body smooth and flat, one piece of molding, without a weld in the middle, can carry the weight of the nuclear power unit reactor vessel 7,000 tons, equivalent to the weight of the top 100 moving trains running. After installation in place for 60 years without replacement, representing the highest technical level of nuclear power forgings.
The manufacturing process of this large ring is as follows.
① First, metal billets of smaller dimensions are used as base elements, stacked layer by layer, placed in a vacuum environment, and sealed and welded.
② Heating to high temperatures and then repeated rotary rolling to completely bond the interface between the layers.
③ Stretching the rings as they are rotated and rolled, to a diameter of more than 10 meters.
④ Quenching to improve the rigidity, hardness, wear resistance, fatigue strength, and toughness of the rings.
⑤ Machining of the performance may also be required.
So, is it possible for this big ring to be manufactured by 3D printing technology in the future? China 3D printing network think can 2021, the national additive manufacturing innovation center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Lu Bingheng academician team using arc fusion wire increase and decrease material integration manufacturing technology, manufacturing completed 10m level high strength aluminum alloy heavy launch vehicle connection ring sample, in the overall manufacturing process stability, precision control and deformation and stress regulation, etc. are to achieve a major technical breakthrough.
The base of the ring can be rotated, and the print head uses electric arc as the heat source to melt the metal wire material, and under the control of the program, the metal ring is gradually formed by line - surface - body according to the 3D digital model, and the surface reduction machining is carried out at the same time during the printing process. This prototype weighs about 1t, and the innovative use of multi-filament collaborative process equipment has greatly simplified the manufacturing process, significantly reduced the cost, and shortened the manufacturing cycle to 1 month.
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With more and more cars in the city, and some people considering that cycling can serve the purpose of proper exercise, the number of people who choose to travel by bicycle for short distances is increasing. Since, there are more cars and also more people on the street, this brings potential hidden dangers to safety.
On August 15, 2022, nFrontier, a German innovation studio, premiered a revolutionary new bicycle prototype helmet, PYLO, using 3D printing technology, which the company claims is "the world's smartest bicycle helmet." The PYLO is unique in that it combines for the first time the latest digital, safety, design and manufacturing technologies in bicycle helmet design. Designed with the needs of urban commuters and athletes in mind, the helmet combines lightweight materials with contemporary fashion design and cutting-edge technology.
For example, the helmet shell's 3D printed nylon structure is optimized to absorb more deep impact than traditional mass-market polystyrene helmets. Overall, PYLO integrates a number of industry-first features, including key automotive safety and driver assistance technologies, as well as a range of smart safety tech such as LIDAR radar sensors, 3D immersive sound, LED light indicators, face shield airbags, an intelligent 360° surround safety system and multifunctional 3D knit inlays. With all these innovations, so the company calls it "the world's smartest bike helmet" will revolutionize bike riding, making it safer, smarter and more high-tech than ever before. Innovative high-tech solution that will revolutionize bicycle riding.
The helmet is currently being reviewed for market entry. nFrontier CEO Daniel Buening explains, "Our vision is to develop exciting next-generation helmets that will advance safety technology for bicycle riders into the 21st century. Bringing together different technologies, features and materials into one helmet."
For the first time in bicycle helmet design, the 3D knitted liner is used as a liner layer in the middle with the helmet shell, is not only makes the helmet not only strong, but also maintains an optimal fit with the user and provides maximum wearing comfort.
The liner is double-layered, with cotton on one side and fleece on the other, and can be worn on either side depending on the season to keep the contact surface cooler or warmer. For extra protection and better visibility in bad weather, the helmet is also equipped with a sun visor and integrated LED lights. In addition, PYLO's most prominent feature is the world's first face shield airbag designed for a bicycle helmet, which pops up from behind when faced with unavoidable danger, protecting not only the skull but also the lower face from injury, something not available in traditional helmet designs.
nFrontier has also developed a 360° surround, 3D immersive sound safety system with LiDAR at its core. This sound-based warning system provides a higher level of assistance than vision- and AR-based systems. It can alert cyclists to visual blind spot conditions or provide exact location and direction based on navigation. The helmet is also equipped with LED head and tail lights and LED indicators that can be activated by simply double-clicking on the left or right side of the helmet while cycling, further improving safety in heavy urban traffic. The gyroscope sensor automatically detects the rider's movement to turn on the brake light.
All helmet functions are controlled by the rider through the app, such as turning the headlight on or off and connecting wireless sound headphones.
With the global impact of the epidemic and anxiety over public transportation, the popularity of cycling has accelerated dramatically and it can be an effective alternative to commuting. This trend is accelerated by a growing number of products, including easy-to-maneuver, mid-priced bicycles and hybrid, advanced (e-)bicycles.
nFrontier is a pioneering, impact-oriented innovation studio that accelerates the development and launch of industrial products through 3D printing technology. Making the process faster, more successful, more digital and sustainable. It is enabled by the expertise, high-tech equipment and infrastructure provided by technology partners such as Stratasys (3D printing), Franka Emika (tactile robotics), AutoDesk (hardware and software development), Vajo (VR/XR products) and KeyShot (3D rendering software).
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