3D Printer
June 2022, researchers from the University of Trento in Italy have developed a new type of 3D printed polymer composite material, which was prepared using a solvent-free process and filled with materials such as graphene. Their research has been published in Nanomaterials under the title "Three Dimensional Printing of Multiscale Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Containing Graphene or Carbon Nanotubes".
The use of 3D printing to fabricate thermoplastic composites containing different multiscale reinforcements has been a focus of research in the field of materials science. Embedded multiscale filler particles can enhance the properties of 3D printed polymers, such as their mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and thermal stability. This research area has been applied in the field of additive manufacturing, which can improve the product properties of fused filament manufactured FFFs by extending the printable materials. The synthesis of novel polymeric materials for various industries has been intensively studied over the past decade. In the current study, researchers evaluated the potential of several nanoscale and micron-scale particles to enhance polymer properties. For example, carbon-based materials can improve stiffness, corrosion resistance and weight reduction.
In the past few years, researchers have also investigated the performance of micro-fillers like milled carbon fibers and nano-fillers like graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes as polymer composite modifiers. The research has shown that nanocomposites containing conductive nanoparticles hold great promise for applications in 3D printed devices such as microbatteries, electronic sensors and microcircuits.
Studies have shown that polymer composites fabricated using fused deposition have enhanced toughness, increased Young's modulus, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and many other excellent properties. For example, multi-walled carbon nanotubes enable a direct correlation between resistance change and concentration, with an enhanced response at reduced loading. Specific concentrations of carbon nanotubes in different polymer composites can increase electrical conductivity. ABS composites containing dispersed graphene nanosheets have high thermal stability and elastic modulus, but reduced strain at break and stress. In addition, graphene nanoparticle-modified polypropylene has high interfacial shear strength.
Research
The researchers used a new solvent-free process to produce multi-scale composite filaments. The properties of different ratios of carbon-based reinforcements incorporated into the ABS polymer matrix were investigated. (milled carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets).
Research results
● The results showed that the carbon nanotube and graphene nanosheet fillers increased the modulus and strength of the composites, but the addition of milled carbon fibers decreased their strain at break values. The nanofillers also improved the electrical conductivity of the composites, with carbon nanotubes showing the strongest conductivity enhancement.
● The density and properties of the final samples are strongly influenced by the production process. Due to the voids created by the 3D printing process, samples lose up to 65% of their ductility. This ductility is different in each composite. All composites with carbon nanotubes have low resistivity.
● The authors proposed comparative and selective parameters to evaluate the best composites. The composites are evaluated based on processability and performance to elucidate their suitability for applications such as sensors and thermoelectric devices.
Summary
1. the novelty of this study is the proper compounding, processing and characterization of multi-scale carbonaceous ABS composites based on microfibers (MCFs) and nanofillers (CNTs or GNPs) in different ratios by a solvent-free process.
2. The mechanical properties (modulus and strength) of the compression molded ABS composite samples were improved by the addition of microfillers (CNTs and GNPs) and the strain at break values were reduced by the addition of microfillers (MCFs). The electrical conductivity of the nanofillers was improved and the CNT fillers achieved the best performance compared to pure ABS and micro composites.
3. The multi-scale ABS/MCF/GNP composites showed good mechanical properties for the compression molded samples. Conversely, ABS/CNTs showed a significant improvement in electrical conductivity. The production process can greatly affect the density of the samples, which in turn affects their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. In particular, if compared to CM specimens, the 3D printed samples show a sharp loss of ductility (in the range of 33-65%) due to the presence of voids, even if for some components the electrical conductivity can be maintained.
Overall, the paper demonstrates a potentially advantageous production process for multiscale polymer composites, proving that it will benefit several industries, such as sensors and thermoelectric devices.
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To match the premiere of the Marvel movie "Black Panther", PepsiCo by using 3D printing technology, a series of "Black Panther" character heads printed on the Coke packaging bottles. As far as 3D printing technology is concerned, Pepsi's application of it at the moment has not yet reached 100% perfection, but the appeal of this technology is in no way diminished.
PepsiCo's Max Rodriguez and engineer Thangthip Tekanil, who are in charge of packaging R&D, led a team to carry out a series of performance simulations, prototyping and other related work, in an effort to provide effective tools and production efficiency for the R&D and generation teams. Notably, one of the patented Modular Mold Sets is compatible with most injection molding machines, including aluminum shells, dental stones and 3D printed inserts, for a variety of bottle designs from 100 ml to 3 l. Rodriguez told TCT, "The Modular Mold Set is one of our rapid production of custom molds means to use in a lab-scale or pilot plant-scale injection molding facility."
The outsourced mold service provider PepsiCo previously worked with used to operate with a reduced material process like CNC or EDM, depending on the complexity of the mold structure, with product delivery taking 2-4 weeks and costing up to $10,000. rodriguez went on to add, "To reduce prototyping time and mold opening costs, the team initially tried to 3D print the entire mold, but the research revealed that it would take a lot of time and material. Ultimately we decided to use a hybrid model that combines a traditional metal mold with a 3D printed structure, where the metal shell is manufactured by an injection molding machine and then the internal parts are manufactured using 3D printing technology."
3D printed mold inserts on Carbon's M2 machine with CE certification. The team has been exploring 3D printing solutions that can match the Modular Mold Set processing model, with digital light processing technology, which prints faster, being a priority. After a series of trials, Pepsi is now using Nexa3D's NXE 400 machine and xPEEK 147 material.
Tekanil explains, "With 3D printing technology, a complete set of molds can be completed in 12 hours, with 8 hours of 3D printing time and 4 hours of curing time. xPEEK material requires only 3 hours of curing time, and warpage will be much less. Of course we also take into account material shrinkage to ensure that tolerances are within allowable limits when the mold is assembled."
Statistically, Modular Mold Set can produce thousands of bottles per mold, a solution that has saved PepsiCo about 90 percent in costs and reduced lead times from weeks to days. The next goal is to reach "thousands" of bottles. Thanks to this technology, we have the flexibility to design multiple product iterations so that we can evaluate all downstream market activities at any time.
This is not the first time PepsiCo has explored 3D printing technology; initially they used Stratasys' PolyJet technology and Digital ABS material (with a heat deflection temperature of 58-68°C), and were only able to produce 100 samples per mold set. PolyJet is currently used to pair with the lab's injection molding machine to produce small batches of samples. When the number of samples reaches 5,000, the DLP system is selected for operation.
Pepsi has worked to find the optimal solution between cost, machine performance and material performance from using the Carbon M2 to the Nexa3D NXE400, and such thinking will be a solution for other suppliers in the future.
In most cases, molds can be made within 48 hours and functional samples can be produced within a week. PepsiCo is also now exploring the application of metal 3D printing technology to integrate shape-following cooling channels for heat-setting applications, as well as manufacturing injection molds with polymer technology.
Rodriguez concluded, "3D printing is making a huge impact. 3D CAD file conversions are producing prototypes that are fully comparable to those produced by traditional machining methods. From the supply chain to marketing and even to the consumer, we can evaluate the positive performance of 3D printing on the production line. It is clear that this technology has significantly shortened our development cycle."
As you can see, PepsiCo is driving additive manufacturing technology for all aspects of bottle development, including accelerated and improved performance simulation, advanced systems analysis, and the production of high-quality functional prototypes using its proprietary technology and hybrid methods. 3D printing has given us unprecedented design capabilities, with greater scope for both brand design and printing new products, resulting in improved outreach and the ability to connect with customers.
TCT Asia has been focusing on the application and exploration of 3D printing in the whole field of manufacturing, and in 2022 TCT Asia will be held in Shenzhen, China, with a specially planned concurrent event TCT Asia Summit - Consumer Goods Forum. The forum will focus on the application of 3D printing technology in product packaging, jewelry design, 3C electronics and home appliances and other fields to discuss and share. The guest recruitment channel is now open, and we welcome industry professionals to apply or recommend suitable guest candidates!
In the special year of 2022, TCT Asia will bid farewell to Shanghai for the time being and head south to Shenzhen to set sail again at Shenzhen International Convention and Exhibition Center (Baoan) from August 31 to September 2.
If you have already completed your appointment to visit this year and confirmed that you will still visit the show which is postponed to August in Shenzhen.
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The disposal of plastic waste in the ocean has long been an important area of research in environmental protection. For decades, the marine environment has been affected by the degradation of fossil polymers (the vast majority of plastic products), which accumulate on beaches, oceans and even Arctic sea ice through the flow of ocean currents. To turn the tide, bio-based polymer composites have been created. This suitable alternative to fossil resources can meet the growing demand for marine composites.
Researching these composites is a European project called SeaBioComp. To reduce the ecological impact of plastics, the challenge is to create renewable materials that can withstand the long-term harsh marine environment, and SeaBioComp has developed a flax-based thermoplastic biocomposite. The project has 3D printed several initial prototypes, including fenders and other structures. Research has shown that polymers and composites made from natural raw materials such as biopolymers and biocomposites are seen as potential alternatives to fossil polymers, but with less impact on the environment, such as the formation of microplastics.
SeaBioComp has been actively seeking to create a durable bio-based composite for the marine environment since 2019 with a budget of €4.1 million ($4.2 million), co-funded by the EU's Interreg 2 Seas program. More than half of the funding comes from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), which has funded other 3D printing-related projects in the region, including Portugal's first robot for high-performance and large-format metal 3D printing. SeaBioComp, led by Belgian textile research institute Centexbel, is also conducting analytical work to assess the long-term durability of its materials to reduce ecological impacts on the marine environment.
First, the project has created a self-reinforced polypropylene cross-ester (PLA) composite that has been made into a variety of nonwoven and woven fabrics suitable for compression molding. Second, the team developed a new linen-reinforced PLA or acrylic (PMMA)-reinforced composite that can be used for resin infusion, compression molding, and additive manufacturing through a flexible mold (RIFT) manufacturing process.
After extensive testing of the mechanical properties of various biocomposites developed by SeaBioComp, researchers and experts have concluded that these materials approach and in some cases outperform traditional non-biobased composites, such as Sheet Molding Composites (SMCs) that can now be used in marine environments. The new bio-based products have been shown to use the same compression molding conditions as conventional products, while process cycle times can be shorter.
In addition, the goal of the project is to create products that help reduce the impact on the marine environment, and early research has identified flax as the most suitable natural plant fiber for use as a biocomposite reinforcement. Flax absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide during growth and cleans the soil through phytoremediation. This method of using plant extracts to remove contaminants reduces their bioavailability in the soil.
To address global sources of marine pollution, the team at SeaBioComp combines thermoplastic polymers, natural fibers and 3D printing technology. In addition to fenders and other structures, SeaBioComp uses large-scale additive manufacturing techniques to create other semi-industrial products, including boat pumps and topsides.
In 2020, SeaBioComp revealed that it relied on FDM printers from Dutch industrial manufacturer Poly Products to 3D print complex structures of biocompliant materials.
In addition to the eco-benefits of the new material, SeaBioComp sees 3D printing as an eco-efficient manufacturing process. Compared to traditional product manufacturing.
● 3D printing of biopolymers is highly eco-efficient because it does not require molds and there is little production waste.
● It is compatible with the sustainable materials developed for the project, and 3D printed products can be recycled at the end of their useful life.
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During the Chinese New Year in 2016, a movie "Mermaid", which was personally directed by Master Xing, was hotly released. This movie conveys the concept of environmental protection in a humorous and hilarious way that people and animals live in harmony, and is enjoyed by many moviegoers, and has become one of the few good and popular films of the year. But the most impressive scene in "Mermaid" is Zheng's dazzling appearance. The film starts with a weirdly dressed, thinning hair real estate agent Zheng attending Liu Xuan (Deng Chao) banquet is carrying a jetpack from the sky, and this high-tech artifact is also known as the highlight of the whole film, and later the main character Liu Xuan is also carrying this flying machine to fly over the congested road instantly save the mermaid.
I was thinking: if you can have such a flying machine, from then on, you may be able to say goodbye to the rush hour crowded bus and subway, traffic jam bad days. But don't believe me, there is really a British company called Martin Aircraft has created this kind of flying machine, and claimed that the world's only real flying backpack. The plane's fuselage is said to be made of 3D printed titanium parts, followed by its use of two key "blowing" technologies that can replace moving surfaces such as flaps and ailerons. Unlike most flying backpacks that use rockets and water vapor jets to power them, Martin Aircraft has introduced a product that uses jet vortices to achieve vertical takeoff and landing. It can fly at 100 mph, can fly at an altitude of over 13,048 meters, and has a current endurance of 10 minutes.
In addition to providing sufficient power, this flight backpack is also unique in design, small and lightweight, and can be placed in the trunk of a car.
The jetpack may be acceptable to most people, because there is a precedent for water jetpacks and other sea excursions, but the flight distance of the backpack makes people feel like a joke. But if the plane also "spray" into the sky, what do you think? Just last Thursday, the world's first flapless aircraft was "sprayed" into the sky for its first flight in northwest Wales.
The aircraft, a collaboration between British defense giant BAE and researchers from the University of Manchester, is a breath of fresh air from head to toe, inside and out. Firstly the aircraft's fuselage is made from 3D printed titanium parts, and secondly it uses two key 'blow-up' technologies that can replace moving surfaces such as flaps and ailerons.
Flaps and ailerons are important components on an aircraft's wings. There are two wings on an aircraft, each with a flap and aileron on top. The one near the fuselage is the flap and the one away from the fuselage is the aileron. Simply put, the flaps govern the takeoff and landing of the aircraft and the ailerons govern the turning of the aircraft. Two technologies that could revolutionize the future of aircraft design are the "blow-by" alternatives to flaps and ailerons, which could improve the performance and control of the aircraft. The first is wing cyclic control. In this case, air from the aircraft's engines is exhausted and "ejected" supersonically through narrow slots around the trailing edge of the specially shaped wing to do the same job as the ailerons. The second is jet thrust vectoring. This involves deflecting the jet exhaust of the engine by blowing air inside the nozzle to change the pitch of the aircraft.
Today, conventional aircraft rely on flaps, ailerons, elevators, rudders, etc. for more complex flights. Despite more than a century of development, it is a very crude system that is inefficient and relies on complex, expensive, heavy-duty mechanical components to work. replacing moving surfaces with blown air technology could lead to the development of lighter, more reliable, cheaper and better performing aircraft, which paves the way for future aircraft designs, BAE Systems said.
Moreover, these technologies could also improve aircraft stealth by reducing the gaps and edges that currently make aircraft easily visible on radar, and thus will also be used in the development of future combat air systems. Such aircraft would also be fundamentally different from current jet aircraft. The jet engine used in the current jet aircraft relies on the recoil of the backward high-speed jet of gas produced during fuel combustion to make the aircraft fly forward, and it allows the aircraft to gain more thrust and fly faster.
But in fact, this project has taken a long time to accumulate and test the cutting-edge technology in the early stages. And this technology has not really mature, such as the current only for single-engine aircraft, etc., can not be directly used in manned aircraft.
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In recent years 3D printing technology fire, the whole society is discussing it, many universities take this east wind to open a related professional, many local governments in financial subsidies, land supply, loan subsidies, water and electricity prices and other aspects have introduced a very generous policy. In addition, many private capital is also moving, want to quickly buy the ticket, afraid to miss the train, intends to take a share of the pie. The beautiful blueprint has just been drawn, suddenly a jolt over, the dream was awakened. 3D printing of this boom gradually cooled, in all kinds of media exposure is very little, which inevitably let everyone re-examine, it is how?
First, what is 3D printing?
3D printing technology, sprouted at the end of the last century, developed at the beginning of this century. It is a digital model file as the basis, the use of powdered metal or plastic and other bondable materials, through the layer-by-layer printing to construct objects of technology.
The basic principle is this: 3D modeling software is used to generate STL or STP model files (they are the standard triangle language for 3D printers). 3D molding machines read and parse the received STL files to construct a 3D model consisting of a mesh of a series of triangles, and then output instructions to print and make a physical model, and some people call this technology "additive manufacturing". (It may be a bit complicated for the general public to understand, and specific examples will be shown below)
The first to realize it was an American. on March 9, 1983, Charles W. Hull invented the world's first 3D printer. in 1986, Charles W. Hull established a company that produced 3D printing equipment worldwide, 3D Systems. it developed the now common stl file format.
In 1988, the company introduced a 3D industrial printer based on SL (stereo lithography) technology. In the many years since, the world has introduced 3D printing and molding technologies such as SLA (selective curing of photosensitive resins), SLS (selective laser sintering of powder materials), FDM (fused deposition), 3DP (3D jet printing), and PUG (vacuum injection molding).
In real life, it is more commonly used in production. In 2011, a Dutch doctor fitted an 83-year-old man with a metal jawbone printed with 3D printing technology.
In March 2017, in the presence of the King of Saudi Arabia, China's construction 3D printing company Yingchuang signed a ten billion RMB contract with Saudi Al Mobty Contracting Company, which will build thirty million square meters of 3D printed buildings in Saudi Arabia to solve the country's continuously growing housing crisis.
Second, the popularity and importance of 3D printing technology is not without reason.
1. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, it brings a revolutionary change in the concept of production and processing. It not only can shorten the processing and manufacturing cycle, but also can significantly reduce the production cost, especially the breakthrough of the traditional processing and manufacturing methods of complex shape processing restrictions, so that human beings in the field of processing to achieve freedom.
In fact, the invention of 3D printing technology is the result of Charles W. Hull's efforts to shorten the long time needed to create product prototypes.
2. The widespread use of 3D printing technology in specific fields is a remarkable feature of 3D printing technology. In the medical field, especially in bone reconstruction, 3D printing technology is used particularly much. For example, a patient's pelvis had been necrotic, and the Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University 3D printed a pelvis with artificial bone material and successfully transplanted it into the patient, who eventually recovered successfully.
Of course, there are also a wide range of applications in the aerospace sector. in April 2016, European aircraft manufacturer Airbus received the LEAP-1A engine for their next-generation Airbus A320neo airliner, which is their official use of 3D printed alloy fuel nozzles for their aircraft engines.
3. High printing accuracy. Because the 3D printing finished product is very plastic, from two-dimensional to three-dimensional can be implemented, and because it is generated by the principle of layer-by-layer printing, that is, the completion of a layer and then into the next layer of printing processing, according to the processing accuracy and characteristics of the printer, can be accurate to 600dpi, each layer only 0.01 error, this precision is quite high.
4. Personalization is its great advantage. Traditional industrial manufacturing, are produced in large quantities, which can ensure that the cost of the product is low enough; otherwise, the people can not afford it, the production of things can not be sold, there is no market. But the emergence of 3D printing technology makes personalization possible.
On the one hand, the modeling and printing technology makes it possible to have lower cost, on the other hand, the cost is directly proportional to the size and volume of the customized parts. This means that the difference in cost for the same volume of the same material is not very large.
From the perspective of mass production, the equal share is nothing but the cost of modeling, which makes the cost of mass production and single-piece production not very relevant.
5. It is an important part of the "Made in China 2025" plan. In order to build a manufacturing industry with international competitiveness, improve China's comprehensive national power, guarantee national security and build a world power, our government launched the action plan for the first decade of implementing the strategy of manufacturing power, namely "Made in China 2025" plan, which determines the main direction of intelligent manufacturing, covering various industries such as robotics, logistics network based on modern information technology and Internet technology.
Among them, 3D printing is the top priority of the plan, appearing six times in the full text of the plan, throughout the important paragraphs of background introduction, national manufacturing innovation capacity enhancement, deep integration of information technology and industrialization, breakthrough development in key areas, and integrated into the main line of promoting intelligent manufacturing, reflecting the importance China attaches to 3D printing, highlighting the strategic level of China's situation and environment facing the development of manufacturing Deep understanding.
Third, although "3D printing" has the unparalleled advantages of traditional manufacturing methods, but it has some defects, but it is really restricting its development.
1. The cost is high. High precision 3D printers are relatively large and expensive, technology patents are basically in the hands of foreign companies, to buy and obtain technology licenses need to spend a lot of money. From the field of 3D printing applications, it is mainly used in aerospace, human organs, medical, antique accessories and other industries, these are high-end manufacturing. Usually, traditional processing and manufacturing can not complete the task, and, in themselves, they are quite specialized, high cost, high value-added industries, high processing threshold, only very strong companies can get involved.
2. Material barrier is the key. China's 3D printing technology after decades of development, technology gradually mature, the practical application of significant results, but the core technology, the core components are still subject to limitations, especially the key printing material technology is still relatively lacking, the basic dependence on imported situation has not been effectively changed, the sustainable development of the 3D printing industry has a fatal impact. Because for any kind of manufacturing technology, materials are the most important, are the foundation of the foundation. If you can not make a breakthrough in the materials end of the research, then the subsequent development of technology is difficult to achieve.
3. Low product level. In addition to a few large state-owned enterprises, in the participation and development of 3D technology are smaller private enterprises. In order to survive, they often do not invest much, and the ability to resist risks is not enough, especially in research and development funds are stretched to the limit. The REPRAP open source project was started by Adrian Bowyer and others at the University of Bath in the UK, with the main goal of independently designing and producing a 3D printer for all common users. After years of development three versions have now been developed. Suffice to say, they have been spec'd out, are quick to get started, and are so low cost that even an average person can follow the instructions and save one for themselves. This has led to fierce competition for simple desktop-level 3D printing equipment kits and a low level of product. But the future of this industry is in the industrial grade market.
In particular, the lack of investment in cutting-edge areas and the lack of core technology are very serious problems. For example, in nano 3D printing technology, China's research and development is not strong enough, and there is not much basic research to create future superior technology.
If 3D technology is applied to the construction industry, of course, it can greatly improve the efficiency. However, it is difficult in the quality inspection and project acceptance because, at present, there is no corresponding technical standard to complete the acceptance in China, but only the traditional construction industry standards. But with traditional standards, it is obviously impossible to complete the work, because, 3D printed buildings are printed with fiber materials, may not even have steel, but the current national standards are never allowed to happen.
In fact, the strength of fiber material is 3 to 5 times stronger than reinforced concrete, but it will be rated as a substandard building by the old standard, which is obviously not very reasonable. Focusing on breakthroughs in the research and development of high-performance materials, improving the quality of special materials for additive manufacturing, conducting research on the characteristics of special materials for additive manufacturing, and encouraging advantageous material production enterprises to engage in special materials for additive manufacturing and the transformation of research results are the top priorities at present.
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